A density gauge being used to ensure proper for the foundation of a school construction project. A nuclear density gauge is a tool used in civil construction and the, as well as for mining and archaeology purposes. Libreoffice Writer Barras.

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It consists of a source that emits a cloud of particles and a that counts the received particles that are either reflected by the test material or pass through it. By calculating the percentage of particles that return to the sensor, the gauge can be calibrated to measure the density and inner structure of the test material.

Background [ ] Different variants are used for different purposes. For density analysis of very shallow objects such as roads or walls, a source emitter such as 137 is used to produce gamma radiation.

These isotopes are effective in analyzing the top 10 inches (25 centimeters) with high accuracy. 226 is used for depths of 328 yards (300 meters). Such instruments can help find underground caves or identify locations with lower density that would make tunnel construction hazardous. Nuclear density gauges can also be used to measure the density of a liquid in a pipe.

If a source is mounted on one side of a pipe and a detector on the other, the amount of radiation seen at the detector is dependent upon the shielding provided by the liquid in the pipe. Pioneered the use of radiation to measure density in the 1950s and determined that the also applied to radiation as well as optics. Gauges are normally calibrated using gas and a liquid of known density to find the unknowns in the equation. Once it has been calibrated and as long as the source detector alignment remains constant, it is possible to calculate the density of the liquid in the pipe. One factor is the of the radioactive source (30 years for 137Cs), which means that the system needs to be recalibrated at regular intervals.

Modern systems incorporate correction for source decay. Another variant is to use a strong neutron source like 241Americium/Beryllium to produce and then measure the energy of returning. As characteristically slows down neutrons, the sensor can calculate the density of hydrogen - and find pockets of underground water, humidity up to a depth of several meters, moisture content, or asphalt content. Neutron sources can also be used to assess the performance of a in the same way.